Positivism as an Epistemological System Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Positivism as an Epistemological System - Essay Example In this way, there can be no space for any otherworldly reflections in clarifying wonders. In the second flood of positivist idea, a second type of positivism, for example intelligent positivism occurred, and â€Å"took bit of leeway of the further advancement made in the hard sciences to demand cleansing all power from the logical method† (Jordan, 2004, p.28). â€Å"Logical positivist perspectives about science and information depended on a general hypothesis of language. †¦This hypothesis of language included two primary thoughts, the systematic manufactured qualification and the undeniable nature hypothesis of meaning† (Godfrey-Smith, 2003, p.25). I will talk about these thoughts in detail in the following segment. The third influx of positivism is for the most part ascribed to a gathering called the Vienna Circle. â€Å"The Vienna Circle was built up by Moritz Schlick and Otto Neurath. †¦But from the good 'ol days through the end, a focal scholarly figure here was Rudolf Carnap† (Godfrey-Smith, 2003, p.22). In this stage, positivism was conveyed in its consistent structure. In any case, a few positivists want to view this last period as coherent or logical induction (Greetham, 2006, p.121), to recognize it from the past sensible positivist development. In this exposition, I will utilize the term sensible positivism to allude to the entire of twentieth century positivism, to recognize it from Comte’s nineteenth century positivism. Positivism as Epistemology From a general point of view, positivism is viewed as an epistemological framework through its backing of accomplishing observational information through sense recognition, and its adherence to the logical technique for example enlistment. Anyway when legitimate positivism ventured into the image, it was clarified that â€Å"logical positivism had different roots... The initial segment of the paper comprises of an authentic investigation of nineteenth century positivism, intelligent positivism, up until the time of the Vienna Circle. The subsequent part covers the epistemological ramifications of positivism. Here,the principle precepts of coherent positivism and its adherence to epistemology are talked about. A fundamental figure that it will be talked about here is Karl Popper. At long last, this paper is closed by talking about the fall of positivism. The paper focuses on that progress and advancement in information is a perpetual undertaking. Since the introduction of positivism up until its ruin, positivism by the by molded the way we do science. The authod talks that one is the breakdown of the perspective on language that shaped the premise of numerous legitimate positivist and intelligent empiricist thoughts. Another is pressure from comprehensive contentions. A third is the disappointing history of endeavors to build up an inductive rationale. A fourth is the improvement of another job for fields like history and brain research in the way of thinking of science. The report makes an end that positivism prevailing with regards to building up a deliberate strategy for moving toward the real world. Furthermore, logical information was the very reason for remaking reality, with logical laws as focal in examine. On the off chance that epistemology is the investigation of information, at that point positivism is a substantial epistemological framework. For if there is one thing that positivism built up, it is no other than an intelligible reproduction of human information dependent on the techniques and standards of science itself. It is in such manner that positivism, regardless of its fall, end up being powerful from the beginning of time.

Needlenutz Business Proposal Essay Example For Students

Needlenutz Business Proposal Essay Needlenutz gives a wide determination of attire to various examples to look over. The choice of yarn that my store handles will premium our focused on showcase from the arrangements of shading to the heaviness of the yarn. We additionally give various hues and sizes of needles for your venture as to conveying yarn sacks to help keep you sorted out. Needlenutz purchases in mass from our producer to hold transporting costs down. The offers a decision for our clients relying upon the undertaking they are making as they can purchase in products or a solitary yarn move whenever it might suit them. We have an extra space that keeps all entrance mass in. At the point when clients come back to the store for even more a specific item, we will have that specific kind of item in the back for them in the event that they don't discover enough on the rack. This is advantageous for the client so they can buy the product(s) at there comfort and causes them spending costs simpler. Offering types of assistance for our clients is a significant need. We can give high client support to the buyer. They can view and evaluate the kinds of yarn, needles and extras that we convey to ensure they are OK with the item they have picked. Do to the size of our stockpiling; we are additionally ready to offer loan administration for our clients. Needlenutz will be a goal store; we will give exceptional sorts of things from yarn, needles, line markers, yarn winders to yarn packs for our focused on advertise. My store will be moderate with certain deals. We will convey inside the store and inventories for imparting our items and up coming deals. Our store configuration will be loose, quieting air in a freestyle format. We will give a reasonable serious client servi. .harmony. It keeps the client in your store longer than speedy in and out shopping. Our store plays two sorts of music for the duration of the day. Toward the beginning of the day is by and large are multi year elderly people ladies who are searching for some shopping that includes quietness from their children. They come into our store hearing sounds impact nature melodies playing out of sight. In the mid evening as our more youthful objective age scope of mid thirties come to shop, who are still in a hurry, just escaped work and doesn’t need something for them to completely unwind as well. We play 105.3 Hot - FM to playing an assortment of cd’s like Bon Jovi to Alicia Keys. The aromas that our store will utilize are plug in scents that emit the smell of cloths, botanical and sea breeze for the unwinding of summer. Winter we will utilize the scents of sugar treats, crusty fruit-filled treat and maple syrup for the comfortable sentiment of home.

Does Extreme Couponing ACTUALLY Save You Money

Does Extreme Couponing ACTUALLY Save You Money Does Extreme Couponing ACTUALLY Save You Money? Does Extreme Couponing ACTUALLY Save You Money?Is it really that simple to hack the power of the noble coupon? It depends on how much time you have.Count yourself lucky if youve never had the misfortune of being stuck behind an extreme couponer in a checkout line.You know the typeâ€"a cart overflowing with items, a binder filled with every coupon imaginable, a determined smirk on their face as they hand the frazzled person at the register coupon after coupon, unfazed by the growing line of cranky people behind them. And while it might be infuriating to have to wait an hour behind one of these folks, its pretty impressive to watch as they exit the store with hundreds of dollars of merch at a serious discount.TV shows like TLCs aptly named Extreme Couponing portray this practice as the ultimate life hack. These people walk into Target with nothing but a box of expertly clipped coupons, and walk out with several cartfuls of free stuff. Some episodes feature extreme couponers using their discount smarts to get money BACK from the store where theyre shopping. Its mesmerizing to watch, but the truth behind all this is a lot more complicated than TLC makes it look. Heres why extreme couponing probably isnt worth your time.The show depicts things that dont actually happen IRL.One major component to extreme couponing, both on TV and in real life, is the concept of coupon stacking. In order to get huge discounts on all that stuff, extreme couponers use coupons on top of other coupons to lower their costs down to basically nothing. While this looks like magic, the reality is that most stores dont actually allow it at the extreme scale its shown on TV.In order to understand how coupon stacking works (or doesnt work), you first need to understand the various kinds of coupons available. In general, most stores offer five distinct types of coupons and discounts on products:Storewide sales on certain brandsStore-specific coupons that you can ONLY use there. Most of these speci fy that they can be used once per sale.Manufacturer coupons for specific brands that you can use wherever those brands are soldPercentage off or dollar amount off a future purchaseDouble coupon days, where you can double up couponsâ€"even ones that are typically one per sale.Most stores allow stacking of different KINDS of discounts. For example, lets say your local grocery store is offering bags of family-sized Doritos for $3. If you had a store-specific coupon for $0.50 off any bag of Doritos, AND a manufacturers coupon for $1 off, most stores will allow you to stack, or use, both of those coupons on top of the sale price, bringing your total down to $1.50. What stores WONT allow you to do is use multiple copies of the same coupon on one item. So even if you had three different manufacturers coupons for $1 off that bag of Doritos, youd only be able to use one of them.Youd never know this was store policy from watching Extreme Couponers, though. The show features thrifty shoppers c oming in with 30 of the same coupon and using all of them to get things completely free. But a 2012 report from the Coupon Information Center (CIC), a nonprofit organization thats dedicated to fighting coupon misredemption and fraud found that many of the stores featured on the show were allowing the illegal use of coupons in order to please producers.According to the CIC report, participants on the show used both counterfeit coupons and illegal coupon stacking methods in order to walk away with free stuff. Some of the stores allowed it for marketing purposes, but some were outright duped on air.In an episode that aired in October, a 16-year-old boy from  California  named Joel used nearly three dozen coupons at a supermarket to get 408 rolls of Quilted Northern toilet paper entirely for free, wrote Brad Tuttle in a 2012 article for TIME Magazine. Turns out the coupons were fakes, and the kid’s mom wound up repaying the store for all that toilet paper. None of those details were a ired on “Extreme Couponing,” though. As far as viewers of the show knew, Joel received all of those toilet paper rolls free of charge, and saved 93% in total on his extreme coupon-fueled shopping excursion.Real extreme couponing is a full-time job.So what happens on the show might not be real, but there ARE people who work within the constraints of the law and store policy to coupon their way to free stuff. But these people arent just spending a few minutes every morning clipping out of the local paper. Theyve got dedicated couponing rooms, a family that helps them sort through hundreds of pages of mailers every day, and a LOT of time on their hands.In order to maximize coupons that can be used together, extreme couponers subscribe to several different papers, and hoard multiple copies of each every day. They scour stores for coupon brochures, spend hours searching online for digital coupons they can print out, sign up for loyalty programs everywhere they go, pay coupon clippers on eBay, and even dumpster dive for discarded coupons hiding out in old newspapers and circulars. And this doesnt even include the time you need to actually clip and organize all your coupons.In short, extreme couponing is far from glamorous, and the results might not be worth the effort of digging through the trash like a hungry raccoon.The stuff you can get for free isnt stuff you actually need.Even on the show, this fact is apparent. While the extreme couponers on TLC might walk out of Walmart with two carts full of free stuff, its not like theyre loading up on groceries for the next year. Look closely, and the things they get are usually not that usefulâ€"think 70 jumbo bottles of shampoo, 80 24-packs of an unpopular flavor of soda, or 90 boxes of weird cereal.Theres a reason retailers and manufacturers allow certain kinds of items to go on sale, and that reason is usually supply and demand. When no one buys any boxes of that new experimental oatmeal, stores would rather sell i t at a discount than throw it out entirely. So yeah, you might be able to get 60 bottles of infant formula for $12, but if you dont have a baby, whats the point?Extreme couponing can actually be addicting.Maybe you have an extreme couponer in your life. If you do, chances are they have a storeroom somewhere in their home thats filled with the fruits of their couponing labor. If theyre organized, this room will contain shelves filled with purple hair dye, weird flavors of toothpaste, and adult diapers, ready and waiting for the impending apocalypse. If theyre not so organized this room could take up their entire house, and could consist of untouched shopping bags filled with random, expired products.According to a 2011 TIME article, studies have shown that couponsâ€"whether used in extreme ways or notâ€"are used in much greater numbers by  affluent consumers, not poor people. And people who have the time to devote to extreme couponing and the space to store their winnings arent the kind of people who actually need to be getting cartfuls of stuff for free. In fact, Goal Auzeen Saedi, who has a Ph.D in Clinical Psychology from the University of Notre Dame wrote in an article for Psychology Today that the behaviors displayed by people who appeared on the TLC show were troubling, to say the least.Though the show is intriguing, I wonder if there is also something sad about this, wrote Saedi. Im not a licensed clinician and in no way claim to be. I do not advocate blind diagnosis off of anything shown on television programs, and do not intend to in any way. I wonder though if Im the only one who sees possible touches of addiction, obsession, compulsion, and perhaps even hoarding tendencies to some of this behavior. At the very least, I am comfortable to say it seems unhealthy. Hence, I ask this: Is extreme couponing really something that should be celebrated?Maybe someday extreme couponing will have the same reputation as predatory payday loans and cash advances. I n the meantime, youre better off couponing like a normal person and looking for ways to trim your budget elsewhere. To learn more about ways that you can actually  save money, check out these related posts and articles from OppLoans:Maintain Your Furnace Now to Avoid a Pricey Repair LaterWinterizing Your Home: How To Prep for Winter on the CheapShopping for Furniture with a Bad Credit Score? Here’s What You Need to KnowHave you ever tried extreme couponing? We want to hear about it!  You can  email us  or you can find us on  Facebook  and  Twitter.

Benefits Of Electronic Health Records - 2986 Words

Abstract Electronic health records are used in health care to replace paper charts. They contain valuable patient medical information. EHRs improve quality of care without expensive, time-consuming processes. Although there are many reasons to use electronic health records, there are also some disadvantages to using them. More importantly though, there is a real importance for EHRs this day-in-age. The Importance of Electronic Health Records â€Å"Electronic health record systems enable hospitals to store and retrieve detailed patient information to be used by health care providers, and sometimes patients, during a patient’s hospitalization, over time, and across care settings.† (CITEEE). This paper will discuss why we need EHRs, the advantages and disadvantages, the importance of electronic health records, and also how they have become more useful in today’s society. To learn more about EHRs and the role they play in our health care system, we must first understand what they are. What is an EHR Definition of EHRs EHR stands for electronic health record. They store health data electronically. These health records are a digital version of a patient’s traditional paper chart. Using a highly secure network, health care professionals such as, physicians, nurses, etc., enter patient medical information directly into a computer, instead of using the old format of writing it down on paper. Electronic health records are used to improve patient care by communicating with one anotherShow MoreRelatedBenefits Of Electronic Health Records1313 Words   |  6 Pagesproviders who reported that the electronic health records are readily available at the point of care is 94% and the percentage of the providers who stated that the electronic health records showed the clinical benefits is 88%. The percentage of the physicians who reported that the electronic health records enable them to provide the enhanced care to the patients is 75% (Jamoom, Patel, King, Furukawa, 2012). According to the authors, the use of electronic health records also aided in enhancing the riskRead MoreThe Benefits Of Electronic Health Records924 Words   |  4 PagesElectronic Health Record (EHR) is a method to restore patient health information, such as patient’s demographic, progress note, diagnosis, medication and so on, through electronic form (Healthcare Information and Management Systems Society, 2017). The benefit of EHR adoption is not only to replace paper work, but also assist with data creation, management, and sharing of patients’ health information to different providers and organizations across various states (Health IT, 2016). According to theRead MoreThe Benefits Of Electronic Health Records845 Words   |  4 Pagespurchasing and installing an electronic health record (EHR) ranges from $15,000 to $70,000 per provider. Costs vary depending on whether you select on-site EHR deployment or web-based EHR deployment. Web-based EHR deployment, known as S oftware as a Service (SaaS), typically requires providers to pay a fixed monthly subscription cost. On-site deployment typically requires providers to pay for ongoing costs to support and manage on-site data servers. Electronic Health Records contain essentially less mistakesRead MoreBenefits Of An Electronic Health Record ( Emr )1317 Words   |  6 PagesMany patients do not fully understand the benefits as well as the drawbacks of an Electronic Health Record (EMR); however, there are many of both. The first major benefit is that you, as a patient, no longer have to remind the provider of previous information, such as orders or allergies. This greatly increases efficiency in terms of patient visit times. Another benefit of an EMR is that a doctor is much less likely to provide medication in error. For example, a patient could currently be takingRead MoreBenefits Of Adopting Electronic Health Records1275 Words   |  6 Pagesthe implementation of Electronic Health Records (EHR). As a recap from our last meeting, hard and soft ROI represents various benefits which can be included and used in an ROI analysis. The hard benefits are the direct benefits which are tied to the impact of implementing the proposed solution. Soft benefits on the other hand are less easy to quantify and rely on. Soft benefits are often referred to as indirect, because they rely on a number of steps in order for the benefit to be realized. TodayRead MoreThe Benefits Of Electronic Health Records1178 Words   |  5 Pagesyour EHR, or Electronic Health Records. The Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health enacted under The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009, led to financial incentives for those who could demonstrate meaningful use of the EHR technology. Now more than 80 percent of physicians keep some version of an electronic health record for their patients. What is an Electronic Health Record you ask? An EHR is a technology that allows a health-care provider to record, access, asRead MoreExplanation Of Benefits And Electronic Health Records1446 Words   |  6 PagesExplanation of Benefits and Electronic Health Records Do healthcare policy holders have a right to know what they are paying for? Do people have a right to know if there is an infectious disease outbreak in their area? These are two examples of the questions being asked when it comes to Explanation of Benefit (EOB) statements and Electronic Health Records (EHRs). The Affordable Care Act (ACA) enacted in 2010, â€Å"Has extended coverage for young adults up to twenty-six years old on their parent’s privateRead MoreBenefits And Implementation Of An Electronic Health Record1233 Words   |  5 Pages Introduction An electronic health record (EHR) is a digital version of a patient’s paper chart. Through EHRs information can be available instantly and securely to authorized users. Electronic Health Record contain the medical and treatment histories of patients, patient’s medical history, diagnoses, medications, treatment plans, immunization dates, allergies, radiology images, and laboratory and test results, it allows access to evidence-basedRead MoreBenefits Of Using Electronic Health Records929 Words   |  4 PagesMeaningful Use – the incentive program with the intention of helping physicians provide better care to their patients through financial rewards and punishments. Those Eligible professionals (EPs) who choose not to demonstrate meaningful use of electronic health records (EHRs) are about to face a 1% penalty in their Medicare reimbursements. These penalties will increase by 1% each year until 2019 when they finally cap-off at 5%. And just to make it that much mo re aggravating, EPs won’t get away with a one-timeRead MoreBenefits Of Using Electronic Health Records946 Words   |  4 PagesMeaningful Use is the incentive program with the intention of helping physicians provide better care to their patients through financial rewards and punishments. Those Eligible professionals (EPs) who choose not to demonstrate meaningful use of electronic health records (EHRs) are about to face a 1% penalty in their Medicare reimbursements. These penalties will increase by 1% each year until 2019 when they finally cap-off at 5%. And just to make it that much more aggravating, EPs won’t get away with a one-time

Renewable Energy Through Feed On Tariffs And Taxes

Introduction In recent years, more has been debated on whether or not nonrenewable energy such as fossil fuel has caused global warming. Sakamoto and Managi (2016) believe fossil fuel is the likely reason that temperatures have been rising from greenhouse gases, increasing the CO2 emissions (p. 1). With depleting resources, it may be a good idea to look more seriously at renewable energy (Sakamoto Managi, 2016, p. 16). More governments have been trying to create policies to encourage usage of renewable energy. However, it has been debated what is the best way to enforce renewable energy. In this paper, I will discuss two ways countries have been encouraging renewable energy through feed-in tariffs and taxes. Body Sakamoto and†¦show more content†¦14). An increase in marginal cost of nonrenewable resources will drive more consumers to renewable resources. On the other hand, a tax on nonrenewable energy does not have the same effect. Sakamoto and Managi (2016) discovered: â€Å"The introduction of the tax on the nonrenewable energy sector leads to the reduction of nonrenewable energy use and an acceleration of renewable energy use, but the acceleration is not enough to keep the pre-tax level of production†¦ because the marginal cost of renewable energy is high as renewable energy use increases† (p. 15). A tax on nonrenewable energy leads to an increase in marginal cost of renewable energy. Less consumers were interested in buying when prices on renewable energy rose. Another way governments have been trying to implement renewable energy is through feed-in tariffs. Feed-in tariffs usually consist of some type of purchase obligation and also a tariff payment on renewable energy that is fixed for every unit of electricity (Jacobs, 2012, p. 43). The grid operator involved in the purchase obligation must buy the renewable electricity no matter what (Jacobs, 2012, p. 43). The producer has the right to a certain amount of money for every unit of electricity that they produce (Jacobs, 2012, p. 43). Jacobs (2012) conducted studies in Europe in the countries of Germany, Spain, and France that use feed-in

Lack of Sleep Effects Student’s Gpa Free Essays

Lack of Sleep Has a Direct Effect on a Student’s GPA Gilbert, S. P. , Weaver, C. We will write a custom essay sample on Lack of Sleep Effects Student’s Gpa or any similar topic only for you Order Now (2010). Sleep Quality and Academic Performance in University Students: A Wake-Up Call for College Psychologists. Journal of College Student Psychotherapy, 24(10), 295-306. Retrieved September 25, 2012, from the SocIndex database. Key Terms Defined GPA: Grade Point Average DWI: Dropped, Withdraw, Incomplete (Classes) GDI: Goldberg Depression Inventory PSQI: Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index Summary This study was done to identify the relationship between sleep deprivation and a student’s academic performance in areas such as GPA, class attendance, and incomplete assignments. 557 people were used for this with 35. 7% being male and 64. 3% being female. And the average age of the subjects being 19. The participants of the study were asked to complete several surveys to determine if they qualified for the study. A demographic survey asked about their GPA and the courses they dropped, withdrew from, or failed to complete. This was done to judge the student’s previous academic levels. Next, they took what is called the GDI to determine the student’s levels of depression. Students who showed abnormally high levels of depression were removed from the study to be further analyzed. The students remaining had scores of average or below average levels of depression. The final test was the PSQI, which is a self-report survey to determine the subjects sleep patterns. Using these self-report surveys the conductors of the experiment were able to determine that there is a relationship between quality of sleep and academic performance. Significance This study is the first known to have found a direct relationship between poor academic performance and poor sleep quality using a large sample size. Previous studies used smaller groups and had not accounted for depression as a factor in poor academic performance. This study also found that the quality of sleep many students experience is well below ideal and that this affects the GPAs of females more so than males although the reason behind this could not be determined. Socially this information can be used when counseling students experiencing poor academic performance, but show no signs of depression. Evaluation The authors presented the procedures and results of this study very effectively, and the materials were made extremely easy to understand. I believe the study could have been more in depth and accurate if actual sleep studies were conducted along with the self-report surveys. Along the same lines, a flaw in the study is that the researchers opened up the possibility of false reporting by only using the surveys and trusting the students to be completely honest. If I were to use two words to describe this article they would be â€Å"expected† and â€Å"well-planned†. Expected† is referring to the results of the study. It doesn’t take a rocket scientist to guess that there is a connection between the quality of sleep and academic performance, however they expound upon that assumption and find more in depth results in the study. As for â€Å"well-planned† it is a word used to describe the procedures used to carry out the study. Eliminating dep ression as a variable was impressive foresight on the researchers part and is a large part of what makes this study so effective. Conclusion This article has thoroughly increased my knowledge of the extent of sleep’s effect on academic performance. While I hypothesized in my own mind that there was a connection, I had no idea how strong. I also think this article has helped me to understand how to help students struggling with academic performance and how to try to figure out all the possible issues instead of issuing a stereotypical label such as laziness. I believe further research should investigate the causes of this decreased quality of sleep and possible cures if it is a medical or biological issue. How to cite Lack of Sleep Effects Student’s Gpa, Essay examples

WELFARE Essays (888 words) - Federal Assistance In The United States

WELFARE Welfare is a government program that provides money, medical care, food, housing, and other things that people need in order to survive. People who can receive help from these welfare programs are children, elders, disabled, and others who cannot support their families on their current income. Another name for welfare is public assistance. There are many organizations that supply this public assistance. Such as Salvation Army and other groups. Public assistance benefits help many people who live below the poverty line, an income level is established for families. If your income is below this you would be eligible to receive this help. Welfare in the United States Federal and state governments in the Unites States serve the poor people through about 60 public assistance programs. Most people receive help through one of the four major programs. These programs are Medicaid, Aid to families with dependant Children, Social Security, or Supplemental Security, or the food stamps program. I will discuss the four programs individually. Medicaid provides free medical care to the poor people. Funds vary from state to state. In some situations, people who may be able to pay daily needs, but can't afford large medical bills may also be able to receive Medicaid. Some services paid for are bills such as doctor's visits and nursing home care. Most Medicaid funding comes from the federal government. The rest is supplied by the state. Each state runs their own Medicaid program. A.F.D.C. provides cash benefits to dependent children and the parents or the guardians taking care of them. Most families that qualify for A.F.D.C. have just one parent in the home. About 80 percent of these families are headed by a woman. A.F.D.C. also pays benefits to two-parent families if both parents are unemployed. Most A.F.D.C. funding comes from the federal government. The states provide the rest of the money and administer the program. The sizes of families' payment vary from state to state. Next is Social Security Income. This provides financial Aid to people in need who are at least 65 years old, blind, or disabled. The federal government finances and administers social security income programs in most states, though some states supply the federal payment and are able to run their own programs. Finally, the Food Stamp Program helps low-income households buy more and better food than they could otherwise afford. Each participating household receives a certain number of coupons called food stamps. The stamps are issued by the federal government. The number of stamps a household receives varies with the family's size, income, and expenses. Cooperating grocery stores accept the stamps like money for food purchases only. There are other programs such as energy assistance and public housing. Energy assistance, which is federally financed but administered by the states, helps people pay fuel bills. Public housing provides low cost rental apartments in government owned buildings. State and local governments fund and administer their own general assistance programs. These programs provide financial aid for needy people who do not qualify for other types of welfare. People waiting to receive assistance from other programs also may get temporary emergency aid from general assistance. Back in the early days, welfare resembled the English system. Social governments were responsible for helping the poor. But the colonies and later the states, sometimes helped the local government provide aid. The first federal welfare program, began after the Revolutionary War, they provided pensions to war veterans. During the Civil War these pensions were expanded to cover soldiers' widows and orphans. In the early 1900's, primary responsibility for providing welfare benefits shifted from local to state governments. During these years, states enacted programs to aid dependent children and the elderly. The criticisms of welfare ranges over a number of social and economic issues. Some people criticize welfare programs for not providing high enough benefits to eliminate poverty. Spending on welfare would have to increase greatly to eliminate poverty, and many people believe the cost is already too high. Many critics of the welfare system charge that providing a steady income to needy people encourages idleness. Actually, most welfare benefits go to elderly, blind, and disabled people and mothers with young children. But welfare does discourage some recipients